Robotic Process Automation Extended with Artificial Intelligence Techniques in Power Distribution Utilities

Abstract Robotic Process Automation (RPA) is one of the several important techniques currently available for companies in search of performance improvement. The step forward in RPA is its association with Artificial Intelligence for more skilled robots. This scenario is not different in Power Distribution Utilities, in which a multitude of complex processes must be executed over different data sources. Making such situation even more complex, these processes are frequently regulated and subject to audit by external bodies. However, an old question remains: what should be robotized and what should be done by humans? This paper aims at partially answering the question in the context of data analysis tasks used for making decisions in complex processes. The research development is conducted based on an Artificial Intelligence methodology incorporated into one software robot (RPA) which acquires data automatically, treats and analyzes these data, helping the human professional take decisions in the process. It is applied to a real case process that is important for validating the research. Four approaches are tested in the data analysis, but only two are really used. The robot analyzes a series of information from an energy consumption meter. The detection of possible behavior deviations in the meter data is made by comparison with its data series. The robot is capable of prioritizing the detected occurrences in the energy consumption data, indicating to the human operator the most critical situations that require attention. The association of Artificial Intelligence and RPA is viable and can really apport important benefits to the company and teams, valuing human work and bringing more efficiency to the processes.

Recent Research and Development of Microgrids in Parana

Abstract Microgrids (MGs) have increasingly attracted the attention of researchers, government officials, and electricity companies for the values and services they can add to the grid. They can operate independently as a single controllable unit in a coordinated way while connected or islanded, which make them suitable to integrate the growing amount of distributed energy resources (DERs) into the distribution network (DN). An active distribution network with high penetration of DERs could be redefined into a collection of microgrids in different layers, pooling their resources together to enhance the grid's performance in the sense of electricity as a service. However, enabling a microgrid-based power system infrastructure poses challenges concerning operation and control. In this paper, a comprehensive overview of research topics regarding microgrid operation are shown in a hierarchical or stratified manner, looking for a holistic vision of a microgrid-based distribution system. First, multi-objective optimization within one microgrid is formulated aiming to minimize costs and maximize battery life is presented. Second, the interaction among MGs, DERs and the DN was modeled using the OPF technique to represent the operation of the grid as a whole. Following, a methodology for collaborative optimization of multiple MGs operating together is presented and at last a theoretical framework for MG operation through decentralized energy markets is discussed. As a result, this paper aims to contribute to a broad vision of the distribution system based on microgrid operation in all its levels.

Estado e saneamento: sugestões de apoio à população carente durante e após a pandemia da Covid-19

Este texto considera o disposto na Política Nacional de Saneamento Básico (PNSB ­ Lei nº 11.445/2017), que estabelece atribuições da União na regulação e nos investimentos para o saneamento e lista as atribuições dos estados, do Distrito Federal, dos municípios e de prestadores de serviços. No Brasil, a sustentação da operação e da manutenção por meio da tarifa encontra-se consolidada, havendo subsídios ao setor. Estados, municípios e prestadores de serviços têm praticado distintas formas de tarifa social da água (TSA) para garantir preços acessíveis à população mais pobre. Em tempos de pandemia, compreende-se que medidas adicionais são necessárias para proteger a população mais carente e garantir a água como direito humano. Ao ficar mais tempo em casa, tendo cuidados necessários de higiene, é esperado um aumento da conta mensal. A partir dessa preocupação, o objetivo desta nota técnica é subsidiar a ação das autoridades no sentido de reduzir o impacto da perda de capacidade de pagamento da conta de água e não transferir para a população carente o aumento do gasto e do endividamento com os serviços de água e esgotamento sanitário durante e logo após a pandemia. Para tanto, estimam-se: i) os custos atuais da TSA; ii) os valores de mudança de faixa de consumo; e iii) os cenários para auxiliar decisões. Os resultados indicam o alcance entre 32 milhões de pessoas e 38 milhões de pessoas, a depender do cenário, com custo de R$ 386 milhões/mês, a cargo de governos e titulares da TSA. Considera-se que medidas dessa natureza, além de garantir a água para higiene, alimentação e usos domésticos, resultarão em apoio aos sistemas de governança e ajuda à população para valorizar os serviços e dinamizar o setor no período pós-crise. Este estudo sugere as áreas responsáveis para coordenar e viabilizar tecnicamente a operação.

Identification and control of wood-deteriorating fungi / Identificação e controle de fungos deterioradores de madeira

Wood is rich in organic compounds; thus, it is susceptible to attacks by several deteriorating agents because they acknowledge such attacks as a necessary energy supply. Fungi stand out among these agents since they can attack the wood in trees (before felling) and in several post-felling stages. Fungi are biological agents that use organic compounds as food sources, and that is the reason why they degrade most chemical components found in wood. Wood attacked by fungi suffers significant value loss, since these degrading agents affect their mechanical and aesthetic properties. Fungi ­ which are classified as staining, molding and rotting ­ are one of the main responsible for the biggest losses in the timber industry. Wood can be virtually used in a whole range of environments, a fact that makes it susceptible to attacks by different fungal species, since the ideal conditions for fungal development change from species to species. In other words, the fact that one or more fungal species are capable of deteriorating wood is directly related to conditions wood is subjected to. Thus, it is essential knowing how to evaluate fungal attacks, symptoms to be taken into consideration at the time to identify the type of attacking organism and the attack stage, as well as the control and prevention measures to be applied to these organisms.(AU)

Rica em compostos orgânicos, a madeira é suscetível ao ataque de diversos agentes deterioradores por ser reconhecida como suprimento necessário de energia. Entre esses agentes, destacam-se os fungos, cujo início de ataque pode se dar ainda na árvore, antes do abate e nas diversas fases posteriores. Os fungos são agentes biológicos que necessitam de compostos orgânicos como fontes de alimento e, por essa razão, degradam grande parte dos componentes químicos da madeira. As madeiras, quando atacadas por fungos, sofrem grandes perdas de valor, afetando suas propriedades mecânicas e estéticas. Os fungos são considerados um dos principais responsáveis pelos maiores prejuízos na indústria madeireira e são classificados como manchadores, emboloradores e apodrecedores. Praticamente, a madeira pode estar em uso em uma variedade de ambientes; sabendo-se que as condições ideais de desenvolvimento de um fungo são diferentes para cada espécie, a madeira ficará suscetível ao ataque por diferentes espécies de fungos. Ou seja, o fato de uma ou mais espécies de fungos serem encontradas deteriorando a madeira está diretamente relacionado às condições em que ela se encontra. Dessa forma, torna-se importante saber como avaliar os ataques feitos por fungos, os sintomas a serem considerados para identificar o tipo de organismo e o estágio do ataque, bem como as medidas de controle e prevenção desses organismos.(AU)

Integrated project of a smart microgrid allied with energy management: An initiative to reduce electrical energy costs

Abstract Electricity is undoubtedly one of the most important resources in the modern world. As the demand for electric energy increases, conventional resources that are transformed into electric energy are being exhausted, generating a need to search for alternative sources, resulting in a significant increase in energy costs. This study presents an integrated project of an intelligent microgrid and energy management aimed at reducing energy costs. At the Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), electricity represents an annual cost of over BRL 13 million, which is the third largest operating expense of the university. In addition, the public education budget in Brazil has been decreased in recent years. Therefore, this study was conducted within the scope of UFPR and aimed to analyze three alternatives to reduce electric energy costs: i) demand management through an analysis of energy bills, ii) migration to the free energy market, and iii) the development of an in-house photovoltaic generation facility. A computational tool to optimize the contracted demand and simulate the annual savings with the free market and distributed generation projects was developed using Microsoft Excel. Payback, the net present value, and the internal rate of return were calculated. Finally, the economic viability of all alternatives was proven, with demand management demonstrating an economic potential of greater than BRL 500,000 per year, use of the free market saving more than BRL 300,000, and the developed in-house photovoltaic generation system achieving an economic impact of more than BRL 600,000 per year.

Demand Manager for Energy Consumer with Local Storage and Microgeneration

Abstract The current reality of the energy market requires generation, control, distribution and consumption to become more efficient. Recent arrangements with electric energy stored in accumulators appear as strategic tools in the environment where the cost of energy supplied by the concessionaires and permission holders has accumulated successive increases, indirectly enabling the control and management of applications of micro or local minigeneration, from renewable sources in general. Systems with energy storage (e.g. batteries) and local demand management (many consumer units) achieve great efficiency by allowing the optimized consumption of the available energy, both by the local power grid and by the accumulated grid. Other advantages are presented for the distributors, allowing the relief of the electricity network, remunerating the investment in reduced intervals of time. Consideration should be given to the possibility of local autonomy, even if partially, by providing energy from the storage to the local loads in eventual failures in the supply of energy by the distribution network or at times where supply has a higher cost.

State of the Art of the Application of Energy Storage Systems in Photovoltaic Buildings

Abstract Photovoltaic (PV) buildings are increasingly present in urban centers and can generate their own energy becoming independent of the grid, depending on their consumption profile. However, most residential and commercial consumers show their peak demand at night, when there is no photovoltaic generation, needing the electricity grid to meet the demand of these facilities. Peak demand lead to increased costs for these consumers and end up disrupting the power quality of the grid. One possible solution for these listed problems is by applying storage systems to these buildings, which is already being done in some countries and can increase the PV generation. Aiming to seek the state of the art of these systems, this article brings a review of the literature, highlighting the possible modes of operation and a real case of application in PV buildings in the world. Also are described the storage technologies most appropriate for applications in these buildings, highlighting their advantages and disadvantages. It is expected to gain greater knowledge of these systems, in order to overcome the challenges of intermittence generated by renewable sources, enabling the reduction of energy demand costs in these customers so that it can also be applied in the Brazilian scenario.

Hidronegócio em questão: empoderamento dos atores regionais no contexto da descentralização da geração e gestão da energia elétrica / Hydrogen in question: empowering regional actors in the context of the decentralization of the generation and management of electrical energy

O artigo apresenta uma reflexão sobre o modelo centralizado de produção de energia elétrica no Brasil, com destaque para a fonte hidrelétrica, realizada por meio da construção de barragens e usinas, que geram fortes impactos sociais e ambientais. Esse modelo, que opera de forma verticalizada, interligado de norte a sul, fez da energia elétrica uma mercadoria, uma commodity, que favorece o desenvolvimento do Hidronegócio. Dessa forma atende aos interesses de grandes grupos econômicos, empreiteiras, bancos, fornecedoras de equipamentos, grandes consumidores e empresas de consultoria que visam unicamente o aumento dos seus lucros. Para se contrapor a esse modelo, que concentra e exclui, é necessário que ocorra a desconcentração da geração de energia elétrica e o aproveitamento dos potenciais regionais, como a biomassa residual, possibilitando o empoderamento das comunidades, visando a promoção do desenvolvimento regional.

This paper presents a reflection on the centralized model of electric energy production in Brazil, with emphasis on the hydroelectric source, made through the construction of dams and power plants, which generate strong social and environmental impacts. This model, which operates vertically, interconnected from north to south, has made electric energy a commodity, that favors the development of the Hydropower. In this way, it serves the interests of large economic groups, contractors, banks, equipment suppliers, large consumers and consulting companies that only aim to increase their profits. In order to counteract this model, which concentrates and excludes, it is necessary to decentralize the electric energy generation and to promote the use of regional potentials, such as residual biomass, to enable the empowerment of the communities, aiming the promotion of regional development.

Proposal for a Monitoring and Dispatch System for Distributed Micro-Generation of Renewable Energy in Virtual Energy Centers

ABSTRACT The creation and updating of ANEEL (National Electricity Regulatory Agency) regulatory resolution on distributed generation provided a new business environment for the electricity sector, as well as enabling consumers to generate energy. In this context, distributed microgeneration plants management is a challenge, mainly for electric power distributors and for the entire supply chain and services. In this sense, it is urgent to develop a monitoring and dispatch system in microgeneration plants, in order to optimize the capacity factor of the enterprises and to enable the creation of Virtual Power Plants (VPP). VPPs are part of a new dynamic of the energy sector's strategic environment, which strengthens distributed generation through smart meters capable of communicating with operational centers and thus influencing new business models already diffused by the known smart grids. Included in this scenario, this paper presents a proposal for a monitoring and dispatch system for distributed micro-generation of renewable energies, as well as the engineering solution for a final product focused on market expectations.

Feasibility Study through Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Systems in Curitiba

ABSTRACT The increase in energy demand in Brazil encourages the country to increasingly invest in generation of electric energy, where the demand for other renewable sources increases gradually because they have a lower impact on the environment. The use of Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Systems (GCPVS) is a viable solution for the country, since it presents favorable natural conditions for the use of solar energy. This study approaches the current scenario of three photovoltaic systems installed in Curitiba in 2016 and part of 2017: Green Office (GO) located in Curitiba Campus Downtown, Curitiba Campus Neoville, both of the Federal Technological University of Paraná (UTFPR), as well as a residence. By means of performance parameters, performance analysis of these systems were carried out and, in order to measure the length of time of the return of the initial investment in its installation, a study of the economic viability of these systems according to the current rate model in Brazil through economic engineering tools was carried out: Simple Payback and Discounted Payback, Net Present Value and Internal Rate of Return. Finally, the application of the saved value of electric energy bills was simulated in a bank account during the system´s lifespan.

Generation of Photovoltaic Solar Energy. Evaluation of the Demand Curve with the Insert of Grid-connected Photovoltaic Power System at CINDACTA II, Curitiba-PR, Brazil

ABSTRACT Unlike some countries, Brazil has a predominantly hydraulic energy matrix, a clean and renewable source. But, in recent years, both the non-renewal of the normal volumes of water in the reservoirs and the lack of consciousness in the consumption of water and energy have placed the country in a critical state of energy supply leading to many intensive policies to reduce its consumption. In contrast, energy from Photovoltaic (PV) on-Grid Systems has grown dramatically in recent years. In this sense, this study presents an analysis of the contribution of the energy generated by a PV on-Grid Systems to be installed in CINDACTA II, in order to make re-contracting a lower demand possible and also reduce electric energy consumption and its cost.

Analysis of the Impacts of the Electrification of the Vehicle Fleet in the Electric Power System in Curitiba

ABSTRACT The Market share of electrical vehicles has been rising in the past few years and tends to rise even more. According to the International Energy Agency, an increase of 50% in the number of electrical vehicles is expected. Whilst that increase is beneficial from a greenhouse gases emissions drop point of view, that rise could, on the other hand, represent a major increase in the electrical power consumption. Besides, other problems such as harmonics and overloads could emerge from the massive connection of electrical vehicles to the electrical grid. Therefore, it is necessary to perform studies and simulations in order to estimate those problems and to mitigate the problems related to the inevitable expansion of the electric vehicle fleet in the near future. The present work intends to run simulations so as to identify the main effects of the electrification of the vehicular fleet in the city of Curitiba, as well as understand how the provision of ancillary services through the electrical vehicles can help in the process.

Comparison of the Performance of the Grid- Connected Photovoltaic System Installed In the Brazilian Cities: Blumenau - SC and Curitiba- PR

ABSTRACT This is a study that contemplates the analysis of the main characteristics of 8 grid connected photovoltaic systems (GCPVS), 3 of which are located in the city of Curitiba-PR and 5 located in the city of Blumenau-SC. Data were collected on irradiation in the horizontal plane, generated energy and rainfall, being the first two to calculate the merit indexes, such as Yield, Performance Ratio and Capacity Factor - of those on grid connected Photovoltaic systems.

Energy Management in Industry: An Enterprise Engineering Approach

ABSTRACT Companies have needs and experience new opportunities to build their structure and align organizational process to achieve energy management with higher priority facing economic and environmental issues. The objective of this paper is to present the design and modeling of the Energy Management System (EnMS) in energy-intensive industries in an enterprise engineering approach, according to the management discipline called Business Process Management (BPM). The design of the process is based on the ISO 50001 standard and in good practices cited in the scientific literature. The methodology is characterized as basic, experimental, qualitative, and oriented according to the BPM development cycle. The process design created in the "should be" format presents a framework based on the Plan, Do, Check and Act (PDCA) cycle. The process is described in a necessary and sufficient way, arranging activities, actors and roles to establish an energy management process. The key process model of the energy review was developed in the Business Process Model and Notation (BPMN). The design and modeling allows to: analyze the EnMS as a process for understanding the activities; assist decision making; automate processes; enable collaboration; allow alignment of the process with the strategy; support the change and assisting with the evaluation of the organizational potential to implement the EnMS.

Development of a Prototype for Measurement of Electrical Energy

ABSTRACT The present work presents the development of a system of measurement of electric energy consumption. This system shows the consumer the amount of energy consumed and its respective monetary value in real time. The prototype was used in a case study to validate its operation. Data were collected to discuss the results obtained. In order to verify if the results obtained in the prototype were correct, several measurements of energy consumption were made in different residential equipment. The consumption values measured by the prototype were compared with the values obtained by the certified and calibrated energy meter provided by COPEL and were satisfactory.

Hidronegócio em questão: empoderamento dos atores regionais no contexto da descentralização da geração e gestão da energia elétrica / Hydrogen in question: empowering regional actors in the context of the decentralization of the generation and management of electrical energy

O artigo apresenta uma reflexão sobre o modelo centralizado de produção de energia elétrica no Brasil, com destaque para a fonte hidrelétrica, realizada por meio da construção de barragens e usinas, que geram fortes impactos sociais e ambientais. Esse modelo, que opera de forma verticalizada, interligado de norte a sul, fez da energia elétrica uma mercadoria, uma commodity, que favorece o desenvolvimento do Hidronegócio. Dessa forma atende aos interesses de grandes grupos econômicos, empreiteiras, bancos, fornecedoras de equipamentos, grandes consumidores e empresas de consultoria que visam unicamente o aumento dos seus lucros. Para se contrapor a esse modelo, que concentra e exclui, é necessário que ocorra a desconcentração da geração de energia elétrica e o aproveitamento dos potenciais regionais, como a biomassa residual, possibilitando o empoderamento das comunidades, visando a promoção do desenvolvimento regional.(AU)

This paper presents a reflection on the centralized model of electric energy production in Brazil, with emphasis on the hydroelectric source, made through the construction of dams and power plants, which generate strong social and environmental impacts. This model, which operates vertically, interconnected from north to south, has made electric energy a commodity, that favors the development of the Hydropower. In this way, it serves the interests of large economic groups, contractors, banks, equipment suppliers, large consumers and consulting companies that only aim to increase their profits. In order to counteract this model, which concentrates and excludes, it is necessary to decentralize the electric energy generation and to promote the use of regional potentials, such as residual biomass, to enable the empowerment of the communities, aiming the promotion of regional development.(AU)

Conflitos hídricos na gestão dos reservatórios Billings e Barra Bonita / Water conflicts in the management of the Billings and Barra Bonita reservoirs

Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar criticamente a gestão pública do reservatório Billings e a gestão privada do reservatório de Barra Bonita, buscando compreender os conflitos que envolvem o uso dos reservatórios e analisar os fatores que resultam nos principais passivos ambientais. A hipótese geral sustenta a ideia de que a análise dos conflitos pelo uso da água em reservatórios pode contribuir na compreensão da gestão das empresas. Como metodologia, foram aplicadas entrevistas a representantes da Emae, Cetesb, Sabesp, AES-Tietê e CFTP visando compreender os conflitos e os fatores que resultam nos principais passivos ambientais. Os resultados identificaram dificuldades em conduzir uma gestão compartilhada entre os usuários e operadores. (AU)

This paper is a critical analysis of the public management of the Billings reservoir and of the private management of the Barra Bonita reservoir, and attempts to understand the conflicts involved in the use of these reservoirs as well as the factors that result in major environmental damage. The general hypothesis supports the idea that analyses of conflicts over the use of water in reservoirs may contribute to the understanding of business management. As methodology, representatives from Emae, Cetesb, Sabesp, AES-Tiete and CFTP were interviewed to understand better the conflicts and the factors that result in major environmental damage. The results identified difficulties in shared management between users and operators.(AU)

Desequilíbrio esforço-recompensa no trabalho e transtornos mentais comuns em eletricistas de alta tensão / Effort-reward imbalance at work and common mental disorders among workers in high voltage power lines / Desequilibrio esfuerzo-recompensa en el trabajo y trastornos mentales comunes en electricistas de alta tensión

Objetivou-se investigar a associação entre aspectos psicossociais do trabalho e a prevalência de Transtornos Mentais Comuns (TMC) em eletricistas de equipamentos e linhas de transmissão de energia elétrica de alta tensão. Realizou-se um estudo de corte transversal em 158 trabalhadores de manutenção elétrica de uma empresa de energia elétrica no Nordeste do Brasil. A variável independente principal foi aspectos psicossociais do trabalho, medidos segundo o Modelo Desequilíbrio Esforço-Recompensa (ERI). A variável dependente foi a prevalência de TMC medida pela escala SRQ-20. Usaram-se técnicas de regressão logística múltipla. A prevalência de TMC foi de 20,3 porcento, sendo significantemente mais elevada entre trabalhadores com baixa recompensa (RP igual 4,8; IC 95porcento 1,87-12,4) e com alto esforço (3,95; 1,31-11,9). Trabalhadores com comprometimento excessivo com o trabalho apresentaram prevalência de TMC 2,38 (0,86- 6,59) vezes mais elevada. Trabalhadores com razão esforço-recompensa >1 apresentaram prevalência de TMC 2,10 (0,90-5,17) vezes maior que aqueles com razão ?1. Entretanto, essa associação não foi estatisticamente significante, após ajuste por prática de atividade física, lazer e comprometimento excessivo com o trabalho. Isto pode dever-se ao pequeno tamanho do estudo.Concluiu-se que os aspectos psicossociais no trabalho desempenham papel importante na saúde mental dos trabalhadores eletricitários de linhas de alta tensão.

The objective of this study was to investigate the association between psychosocial factors at work and the prevalence of Common Mental Disorders CMD disease among workers in equipment maintenance and transmission of electric power. We conducted a cross-sectional study among all the 158 maintenance workers of an electric power company in Northeast Brazil. The main independent variable was the psychosocial aspects of work, measured according to the Effort-Reward Imbalance Model ERI, and the dependent variable was the prevalence was Common Mental Disorders-CMD. Data were analyzed by multiple logistic regression techniques. The prevalence of CMD was 20.3 percent, being significantly higher among workers with low reward (PR equal 4.8, 95 percent CI 1.87-12.4) and high effort (3.95, 1 0.31-11. 9). Workers with over commitment to work had CMD prevalence rate 2.38 (0.86-6.59) times higher. Workers with effort/reward ratio >1 showed TMC prevalence 2.10 (0.90 to 5.17) times greater than those with this ratio ?1.However, this association was not statistically significant after adjusting for physical activity, leisure and over commitment to work, probably due to the study small size. Psychosocial aspects of work play an important role in the mental health of workers in equipment maintenance and transmission of electric power.

El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar la asociación entre aspectos psicosociales del trabajo y la prevalencia de Trastornos Mentales Comunes TMC en electricistas de los equipos y líneas de transmisión eléctrica de alta tensión. Fue realizado un estudio transversal entre los 158 trabajadores de mantenimiento de una empresa de energía eléctrica en el Nordeste de Brasil. La variable independiente principal fue la de los aspectos psicosociales del trabajo, medidos de acuerdo con el Modelo Desequilibrio Esfuerzo-Recompensa (ERI). La variable dependiente fue la prevalência de TMC medida por la escala SRQ-20. Fueron usadas técnicas de regresión logística múltiple. La prevalencia del TMC fue del 20,3 por ciento, siendo significativamente superior entre los trabajadores com baja remuneración (PR = 4,8, IC 95 por ciento 1,87-12,4) y alto esfuerzo (3,95, 1 0,31-11, 9). Trabajadores con exceso de compromiso con el trabajo presentaron prevalencia de TMC 2.38 (0,86-6,59) veces superior. Trabajadores con relación esfuerzo/recompensa >1 presentaron prevalencia de TMC 2,10 (0,90 a 5,17) veces superior a aquellos con razón ?1. Sin embargo, esta asociación no fue estadísticamente significativa después del ajuste para la actividad física, ocio y excesivo compromiso con el trabajo, probablemente debido al tamaño pequeño del estudio. Se concluyó que los aspectos psicosociales en el trabajo desempeñan papel importante en la salud mental de los trabajadores em el mantenimiento de equipos y transmisión de líneas de alta tensión.

Mecanismos celulares en respuesta al estrés: sirtuinas / Cellular mechanisms in response to stress: sirtuin

Desde hace algún tiempo se conoce el papel de la restricción calórica sobre la longevidad y la prevención de enfermedades crónicas, pero hasta hace poco los mecanismos celulares involucrados comienzan a ser elucidados. El estrés celular se podría definir como el estado en el que la célula no presenta las condiciones óptimas de supervivencia, siendo el oxidativo un tipo de estrés en el que se generan radicales libres nocivos para las estructuras celulares. La restricción calórica podría incrementar la resistencia celular a diferentes formas de estrés. Las sirtuinas, proteínas deacetilasas de histonas tipo III, están involucradas en la relación entre balance energético y transcripción génica, permitiendo que la célula responda a la restricción calórica y sobreviva a situaciones de estrés oxidativo. En esta relación las sirtuinas regulan genes de la familia FOXO, cMYC, hTERT, p53, entre otros. La activación o silenciamiento de estos genes es importante en los procesos de apoptosis, reparación y muerte celular.